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MA-ID: 8804002010
Roman Empire AV Solidus 407-411 n. Chr. CONSTANTINUS (CONSTANTINE) III, 407-411 - Lugdunum xf-
Munthandel G.Henzen 
11
Verkoper op MA-Shops sinds 11 jaar
8069 Beoordelingen,
100 % Positief (Laatste 24 maanden)
16500,00 EUR
BTW: Margeregeling
Excl. 14,00 EUR Verzending ( to Nederland )
Levertijd: 2 - 3 dagen
Excl. 14,00 EUR Verzending ( to Nederland )
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22,00 mm
weight 4,44gr. gold Ø 22mm.
obv. Rosette-diademed bust of Constantinus right, wearing cuirass and
paludamentum, surrounded by the legend DN CONSTAN - TINVS P F AVG
rev. Constantinus in military attire standing right, holding standard in
right hand and Victory on globe in left, left foot placed on lying barbarian
capitive with long beard, L - D across field, surrounded by the legend
VICTORIA - AAAVGGGG, COMOB in exergue
Little is known of Flavius Claudius Constantinus before he was declared emperor and took the regnal name Constantinus. Following the death of the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 395 the Roman Empire was divided between his two sons: Arcadius became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and ten-year-old Honorius of the Western. Honorius was underage and the leading general Stilicho became hugely influential and the de facto commander-in-chief of the Roman armies in the west. During this period Roman Britain was suffering raids by the Scoti, Saxons and Picts. The military campaigns that Stilicho carried out proved to be little successful. In 401 or 402 Stilicho needed military manpower for wars with the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths and so stripped Hadrian′s Wall of troops. The year 402 is the last date from which Roman coinage is found in large quantities in Britain, suggesting the Empire was no longer paying the troops who remained. Meanwhile, the Picts, Saxons and Scoti continued their raids, which may have increased in scope. In 405 the Irish king Niall of the Nine Hostages is described as having raided along the southern coast of Britain. In 406 a group of Alans and Goths led by Radagaisus invaded Italy. For six months they devastated northern Italy, capturing and sacking several cities. After concentrating his forces, Stilicho caught the Goths while they were besieging Florentia (modern Florence) and defeated them at the Battle of Faesulae 12,000 prisoners joined the Roman army and so many captives were sold that the market in slaves collapsed. The Western Empire′s problems with barbarian intruders were far from over, however. In 406 the approximately 6,000 troops of the Roman field army based in Roman Britain were dissatisfied. They had not been paid for several years, a large contingent had left to fight on the continent four years earlier and had not returned, the coastal defences had been dismantled to form the new field army and their commander had been replaced. They revolted and determined to choose their own leader. Their first choice was a man named Marcus, whom they appointed emperor. After a short period, unhappy with his performance, they killed him and appointed Gratianus. He also failed to meet the troops′ expectations and was killed after four months. On 31 December 406 several tribes of barbarian invaders, including the Vandals, Sueves and Alans crossed the Rhine, perhaps near Mainz, and overran the Roman defensive works in a successful invasion of the Western Roman Empire. Hearing of the Germanic invasion the Roman military in Britain was desperate for some sense of security in a world that seemed to be rapidly falling apart. They next chose as their leader a man named after the famed emperor of the early fourth century, Constantine the Great, who had himself risen to power through a military coup in Britain. Flavius Claudius Constantinus was a common soldier, not an officer, and early in 407, possibly February, his fellows acclaimed him as emperor. Constantinus moved quickly: he appointed two officers already in Gaul as generals, Justinianus and Nebiogastes, instructing them to seize Arles and the passes which controlled traffic to and from Italy. He crossed the Channel at Bononia (modern Boulogne), taking with him all of the 6,000 or so mobile troops left in Britain and their commander, the general Gerontius. This denuded Roman Britain of front-line military protection and explains the disappearance of the legions in the early fifth century. Constantinus travelled to Lugdunum (modern Lyon), where he set up his headquarters and commenced minting coins in his own name. Constantinus negotiated agreements with the Germanic groupings of the Franks, Alamanni and the Burgundians, thus securing the line of the Rhine. By May 408 Constantinus had captured Arles and made it his capital, taking over the existing imperial administration and officials, and appointing Apollinaris as chief minister. Constantinus commenced minting large quantities of good quality coins at Arles, possibly using bullion seized from Sarus′s loot during his hasty retreat, and made a show of being an equal of both the Western and Eastern Emperors. Constantinus′ oldest son had entered a monastery and was a monk at the time his father rebelled, but he was summoned to the new imperial court. Constantinus appointed him to the position of caesar and gave him the imperial-sounding name of Constans. He was swiftly married so a dynasty could be founded. Late in 408 Constantinus sent an embassy to Ravenna. Needing to placate him, Honorius acknowledged him as co-emperor and sent a purple robe as formal recognition. The pair were joint consuls in 409. At around this time, Constantinus raised Constans to the position of co-emperor, theoretically equal in rank to Honorius or Theodosius, as well as to Constantinus.
From 408 Saxon pirates raided Roman Britain extensively, undeterred by the totally inadequate force which Constantinus had left. The locals organised their own defences, so successfully that they defeated the Saxons in 409. Distressed that Constantinus had failed to defend them, the Roman inhabitants of Britain rebelled and expelled his officials, accepting that henceforth they would have to look to their own defence. Inspired by the example of Roman Britain, later that year the Bagaudae of Armorica (modern Brittany) also expelled Constantinus′ officials and declared independence. In late spring 409, general Gerontius rebelled against Constantinus, and appointed Maximus as emperor. Gerontius successfully defended himself against Constans during 410. In 411, he successfully besieged and captured Constans in Vienne, executing him. He then moved on Arelate, where he besieged Constantinus. However, while Constantinus was still resisting, Honorius′s general Constantius arrived from Italy with an army. Most of Gerontius′ soldiers deserted and he was obliged to flee back to Hispania with a few loyal supporters. There, in a hopeless position, Gerontius committed suicide. Constantius′s army took over the siege. Constantinus his hopes fading after the troops guarding the Rhine abandoned him to support yet another claimant to the imperial throne, the Gallo-Roman Jovinus, surrendered to Constantius along with his surviving son Julianus. Despite a promise of safe passage, and Constantinus′ assumption of clerical office, Constantius imprisoned Constantinus and had him and Julianus beheaded in either August or September 411. This is one of the very few coins of all Roman Imperial issues designating the rule of four Augusti. The reverse legend terminating in GGGG (and struck only at Lugdunum) signifies Arcadius and Theodosius II in the Eastern Empire and Honorius and Constantine III as usurper in Gaul in the Western Empire. Until recent hoard evidence, it was thought the fourth Augustus on this issue represented Constantine III′s son, Constans II. Hoard evidence shows this to be Honorius instead as this issue is from 407-408, thus predating Constans II′s elevation. Highly interesting historical coin of great importance.
♦ very attractive specimen of this extremely rare coin type ♦
Cohen 6 | RIC 1506 (R3) | Depeyrot p. 130, 20/3
Bastien 244 | Sear 21058 RRR
xf-
obv. Rosette-diademed bust of Constantinus right, wearing cuirass and
paludamentum, surrounded by the legend DN CONSTAN - TINVS P F AVG
rev. Constantinus in military attire standing right, holding standard in
right hand and Victory on globe in left, left foot placed on lying barbarian
capitive with long beard, L - D across field, surrounded by the legend
VICTORIA - AAAVGGGG, COMOB in exergue
Little is known of Flavius Claudius Constantinus before he was declared emperor and took the regnal name Constantinus. Following the death of the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 395 the Roman Empire was divided between his two sons: Arcadius became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and ten-year-old Honorius of the Western. Honorius was underage and the leading general Stilicho became hugely influential and the de facto commander-in-chief of the Roman armies in the west. During this period Roman Britain was suffering raids by the Scoti, Saxons and Picts. The military campaigns that Stilicho carried out proved to be little successful. In 401 or 402 Stilicho needed military manpower for wars with the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths and so stripped Hadrian′s Wall of troops. The year 402 is the last date from which Roman coinage is found in large quantities in Britain, suggesting the Empire was no longer paying the troops who remained. Meanwhile, the Picts, Saxons and Scoti continued their raids, which may have increased in scope. In 405 the Irish king Niall of the Nine Hostages is described as having raided along the southern coast of Britain. In 406 a group of Alans and Goths led by Radagaisus invaded Italy. For six months they devastated northern Italy, capturing and sacking several cities. After concentrating his forces, Stilicho caught the Goths while they were besieging Florentia (modern Florence) and defeated them at the Battle of Faesulae 12,000 prisoners joined the Roman army and so many captives were sold that the market in slaves collapsed. The Western Empire′s problems with barbarian intruders were far from over, however. In 406 the approximately 6,000 troops of the Roman field army based in Roman Britain were dissatisfied. They had not been paid for several years, a large contingent had left to fight on the continent four years earlier and had not returned, the coastal defences had been dismantled to form the new field army and their commander had been replaced. They revolted and determined to choose their own leader. Their first choice was a man named Marcus, whom they appointed emperor. After a short period, unhappy with his performance, they killed him and appointed Gratianus. He also failed to meet the troops′ expectations and was killed after four months. On 31 December 406 several tribes of barbarian invaders, including the Vandals, Sueves and Alans crossed the Rhine, perhaps near Mainz, and overran the Roman defensive works in a successful invasion of the Western Roman Empire. Hearing of the Germanic invasion the Roman military in Britain was desperate for some sense of security in a world that seemed to be rapidly falling apart. They next chose as their leader a man named after the famed emperor of the early fourth century, Constantine the Great, who had himself risen to power through a military coup in Britain. Flavius Claudius Constantinus was a common soldier, not an officer, and early in 407, possibly February, his fellows acclaimed him as emperor. Constantinus moved quickly: he appointed two officers already in Gaul as generals, Justinianus and Nebiogastes, instructing them to seize Arles and the passes which controlled traffic to and from Italy. He crossed the Channel at Bononia (modern Boulogne), taking with him all of the 6,000 or so mobile troops left in Britain and their commander, the general Gerontius. This denuded Roman Britain of front-line military protection and explains the disappearance of the legions in the early fifth century. Constantinus travelled to Lugdunum (modern Lyon), where he set up his headquarters and commenced minting coins in his own name. Constantinus negotiated agreements with the Germanic groupings of the Franks, Alamanni and the Burgundians, thus securing the line of the Rhine. By May 408 Constantinus had captured Arles and made it his capital, taking over the existing imperial administration and officials, and appointing Apollinaris as chief minister. Constantinus commenced minting large quantities of good quality coins at Arles, possibly using bullion seized from Sarus′s loot during his hasty retreat, and made a show of being an equal of both the Western and Eastern Emperors. Constantinus′ oldest son had entered a monastery and was a monk at the time his father rebelled, but he was summoned to the new imperial court. Constantinus appointed him to the position of caesar and gave him the imperial-sounding name of Constans. He was swiftly married so a dynasty could be founded. Late in 408 Constantinus sent an embassy to Ravenna. Needing to placate him, Honorius acknowledged him as co-emperor and sent a purple robe as formal recognition. The pair were joint consuls in 409. At around this time, Constantinus raised Constans to the position of co-emperor, theoretically equal in rank to Honorius or Theodosius, as well as to Constantinus.
From 408 Saxon pirates raided Roman Britain extensively, undeterred by the totally inadequate force which Constantinus had left. The locals organised their own defences, so successfully that they defeated the Saxons in 409. Distressed that Constantinus had failed to defend them, the Roman inhabitants of Britain rebelled and expelled his officials, accepting that henceforth they would have to look to their own defence. Inspired by the example of Roman Britain, later that year the Bagaudae of Armorica (modern Brittany) also expelled Constantinus′ officials and declared independence. In late spring 409, general Gerontius rebelled against Constantinus, and appointed Maximus as emperor. Gerontius successfully defended himself against Constans during 410. In 411, he successfully besieged and captured Constans in Vienne, executing him. He then moved on Arelate, where he besieged Constantinus. However, while Constantinus was still resisting, Honorius′s general Constantius arrived from Italy with an army. Most of Gerontius′ soldiers deserted and he was obliged to flee back to Hispania with a few loyal supporters. There, in a hopeless position, Gerontius committed suicide. Constantius′s army took over the siege. Constantinus his hopes fading after the troops guarding the Rhine abandoned him to support yet another claimant to the imperial throne, the Gallo-Roman Jovinus, surrendered to Constantius along with his surviving son Julianus. Despite a promise of safe passage, and Constantinus′ assumption of clerical office, Constantius imprisoned Constantinus and had him and Julianus beheaded in either August or September 411. This is one of the very few coins of all Roman Imperial issues designating the rule of four Augusti. The reverse legend terminating in GGGG (and struck only at Lugdunum) signifies Arcadius and Theodosius II in the Eastern Empire and Honorius and Constantine III as usurper in Gaul in the Western Empire. Until recent hoard evidence, it was thought the fourth Augustus on this issue represented Constantine III′s son, Constans II. Hoard evidence shows this to be Honorius instead as this issue is from 407-408, thus predating Constans II′s elevation. Highly interesting historical coin of great importance.
♦ very attractive specimen of this extremely rare coin type ♦
Cohen 6 | RIC 1506 (R3) | Depeyrot p. 130, 20/3
Bastien 244 | Sear 21058 RRR
xf-
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